How a fire extinguisher works

One of the most effective means of extinguishing a fire at an early stage is a fire extinguisher. Proper use of this device can help prevent the spread of fire and avoid significant material damage. However, to make a fire extinguisher a reliable assistant in an emergency, it is important not only to purchase the right model but also to understand its basic operating principles.

How is a fire extinguisher designed?

A fire extinguisher is a cylindrical body that contains an extinguishing agent under pressure. It is equipped with a locking mechanism with a safety pin and a discharge nozzle or hose. The internal pressure allows the extinguishing agent to be quickly directed to the required area to stop the fire. Some models may be equipped with a pressure gauge for monitoring working pressure, as well as a service life indicator.

Principle of operation of a fire extinguisher

The operation of a fire extinguisher begins by removing the safety pin, which prevents accidental activation. After that, you need to aim the nozzle at the base of the fire and press the lever or discharge valve. Under pressure, the extinguishing agent is released from the nozzle: powder, carbon dioxide, water, or foam. It either cools the burning surface or isolates it from oxygen, leading to rapid fire suppression. It is important to move towards the flames to cover the entire burning area effectively.

Main types of fire extinguishers and their purposes

1. Powder fire extinguishers — a universal option suitable for most fire classes. The powder suppresses combustion by isolating oxygen and is effective for extinguishing solid materials, liquids, gases, and live electrical equipment.
2. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers — ideal for extinguishing electrical equipment as well as small fires of solid and liquid materials. CO₂ cools the surface and displaces oxygen.
3. Water fire extinguishers — used for class A fires, effectively cooling smoldering solid materials.
4. Foam fire extinguishers — suitable for classes A and B, forming a foam film that isolates the flammable substance from oxygen.
5. Aerosol fire extinguishers — compact models for the initial stage of a fire, suitable for use in residential premises and vehicles.

How to properly use a fire extinguisher?

Before starting fire suppression, you need to:

• Assess the size of the fire and your safety;
• Ensure the extinguisher is operational and has sufficient pressure;
• Aim the nozzle at the base of the flames and, while pressing the lever, evenly distribute the extinguishing agent over the fire source. Work with the device from a distance of at least 1.5–3 meters from the fire. After extinguishing, always check that the fire does not reignite.

Rules for storing and maintaining a fire extinguisher

To ensure reliable operation, the fire extinguisher should be stored away from heat sources and direct sunlight. Regularly check the condition of the body, the integrity of the seal, and the pressure gauge reading. If the device has not been used for 3–5 years (depending on the type), it needs to be recharged. Maintenance should be carried out in specialized service centers.

Advantages of fire extinguishers

• Ease of use – even an untrained person can handle it.
• Quick discharge of the extinguishing agent allows an immediate response to a fire.
• A variety of types and sizes – from compact models for cars to mobile units for warehouses.
• Durability with proper storage and regular recharging.
• The ability to locally extinguish a fire before firefighters arrive.

A fire extinguisher is not just an interior item or a formality for inspection. It is a tool that can save property, health, and even lives. Pay attention to selecting the right model, familiarize yourself with the instructions, and keep the device in an accessible place to be prepared for any emergency.

Tips for proper use of a fire extinguisher

Before using a fire extinguisher, follow several recommendations that will help you act quickly and safely:

• Carefully read the instructions. Before using the fire extinguisher, familiarize yourself with the instructions printed on the device body. Even if you already know how to use it, make sure you have not missed any important details.
• Assess the situation. Before extinguishing the fire, make sure the fire source is small and that you can safely approach it. If the fire is too large, call the fire department immediately.
• Hold the device upright. Most fire extinguishers are designed to be used in an upright position. Tilting or inverting it may reduce the effectiveness of the extinguishing agent discharge.
• Aim the stream at the base of the flames. When extinguishing, direct the stream at the source of the fire, not at its upper part. This will help extinguish the fire more quickly.
• Control the fire extinguisher. During use, hold the device firmly and do not let the pressure of the extinguishing agent push it out of your control.

Common mistakes when using fire extinguishers

Mistakes in handling a fire extinguisher can reduce its effectiveness or even create a hazard. Here are the most common ones:

• Ignoring the pressure gauge. Before using a stored-pressure fire extinguisher, always check the pressure gauge. If the needle is in the red zone, the device may be faulty or insufficiently charged.
• Getting too close to the fire. Maintain the recommended distance (usually 2–4 meters). Getting too close can be dangerous and make effective suppression more difficult.
• Lack of prior training. If you have never used a fire extinguisher, you may panic in a critical situation. It is recommended to undergo training or an instructional session in advance.
• Incorrect removal of the safety pin. The pin prevents accidental activation. It must be carefully pulled out to avoid damaging the mechanism. Excessively abrupt movements can lead to breakage.
• Ignoring the instructions. Some users begin extinguishing a fire without fully reading the instructions. This may result in incorrect aiming of the stream or premature cessation of use.

By following these recommendations and avoiding common mistakes, you can effectively handle fires, ensuring the safety of yourself and those around you.