Which fire extinguisher is better: powder or carbon dioxide?

When choosing a fire extinguisher, it is important to consider its purpose, effectiveness, and application features. Among the most common types are powder and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Both options have their advantages and disadvantages, so let's examine their differences and determine which one is better suited for specific situations.

How Fire Extinguishers Work: Physical and Chemical Processes

To understand why fire extinguishers are effective, it is essential to grasp their working principles. Each type employs different fire suppression mechanisms based on physical and chemical reactions.

• Powder fire extinguishers create a protective barrier. The extinguishing powder coats the burning surface and blocks oxygen access, which is essential for sustaining combustion. Additionally, the powder suppresses chemical reactions within the flames, helping to quickly halt fire spread.
• Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers lower the temperature and displace oxygen. When sprayed, liquid carbon dioxide turns into gas, cooling the fire zone and creating an environment with low oxygen levels, stopping combustion.

Common Mistakes When Using Fire Extinguishers

Even the most effective fire extinguisher can be useless if used incorrectly. Here are common mistakes to avoid:

• Using a carbon dioxide extinguisher in a small, enclosed space – can lead to oxygen depletion, posing a risk to human safety.
• Directing a powder extinguisher against the wind or airflow – the powder may disperse and not reach the fire source.
• Placing the carbon dioxide extinguisher nozzle too close to the burning object – rapid cooling can damage equipment or cause frostbite.
• Choosing the wrong type of extinguisher – for example, a powder extinguisher should not be used on expensive electronics, as the powder can cause damage.
• Delaying application – it is crucial to start extinguishing immediately after detecting a fire to prevent it from spreading.

Operating Principles and Features

Powder Fire Extinguisher

Powder extinguishers contain a special extinguishing powder mixture, which is released under gas pressure onto the fire. The mechanism works by blocking oxygen access to the flames, stopping combustion.

Advantages:

• Versatile – suitable for fires of Class A (solid materials), B (flammable liquids), C (gaseous substances), and E (electrical installations up to 1000V).
• Highly effective for extinguishing various types of fires.
• Operates under extreme temperature conditions (-40°C to +50°C).

Disadvantages:

• Leaves a large amount of powder residue, contaminating the premises and equipment.
• Reduces visibility indoors due to the formation of a dense powder cloud.
• May cause allergies in individuals sensitive to chemicals.
• Over time, the powder may lose its effectiveness.

Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher

Carbon dioxide extinguishers use liquid CO₂, which turns into gas upon release, displacing oxygen from the fire area.

Advantages:

• Leaves no residue on equipment, furniture, or other surfaces.
• Safe for electronics as it does not conduct electricity.
• Effectively cools burning surfaces.
• Does not pollute the environment.

Disadvantages:

• Not suitable for extinguishing flammable metals or certain chemicals.
• Can cause frostbite if it comes into contact with skin or mucous membranes.
• When used in enclosed spaces, it may lower oxygen levels, posing a risk to people.
• Less effective at subzero temperatures.

Comparison of Applications

To better understand when to use each type of extinguisher, consider the key differences between them:

• Powder extinguishers are suitable for fires involving solid materials (wood, paper, plastic), flammable liquids (gasoline, oils), gases, and electrical equipment. They are versatile but leave contamination after use.
• Carbon dioxide extinguishers are used for electrical equipment and flammable liquids. They leave no residue but require careful handling as they can cause frostbite and reduce oxygen levels in the room.
• Temperature range – powder extinguishers function in a broader range (-40°C to +50°C), while carbon dioxide extinguishers are less effective in low temperatures.
• Electronics safety – powder extinguishers can damage equipment, whereas carbon dioxide extinguishers are safe.

Which Fire Extinguisher to Choose?

The choice between a powder and a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher depends on the operating conditions:

• For home and office: A powder extinguisher is a better choice as it is versatile and can handle different types of fires.
• For server rooms, computer halls, and medical facilities: A carbon dioxide extinguisher is optimal as it does not damage electronics.
• For industrial and warehouse use: A powder extinguisher is preferable as it can extinguish flammable liquids, solid materials, and gases.
• For vehicles: Both options can be used, but a powder extinguisher is more versatile.

Usage Recommendations

To ensure a fire extinguisher is always in working condition, follow these rules:

1. Check the extinguisher’s condition at least once a year.
2. Monitor the expiration date – powder extinguishers typically last 5 years, while carbon dioxide extinguishers last up to 10 years.
3. Store in easily accessible locations – the extinguisher should be quickly accessible in an emergency.
4. Recharge regularly – after use or when the expiration date has passed, the extinguisher must be recharged.

Both types of fire extinguishers have their pros and cons, but powder extinguishers are considered more versatile and suitable for most situations. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are the best choice for protecting electronics and clean environments. When selecting a fire extinguisher, it is crucial to consider potential risks and operating conditions to ensure maximum efficiency in an emergency.